Original Klan Activity in the Shoals Area
This is a collection of articles related to the original Ku Klux Klan that formed just after the Civil War. The Ku Klux Klan was founded in late May or June of 1866 by six bored ex-Confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee: J. Calvin Jones; Frank McCord; John C. Lester; John B. Kennedy; James R. Crowe...
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Photographs, documents, and clippings Original Klan Activity in the Shoals Area |
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This is a collection of articles related to the original Ku Klux Klan that formed just after the Civil War.
The Ku Klux Klan was founded in late May or June of 1866 by six bored ex-Confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee: J. Calvin Jones; Frank McCord; John C. Lester; John B. Kennedy; James R. Crowe (who died in Sheffield, Colbert Co., AL in 1911); and Richard R. Reed. These men young men wanted to found their own fraternal order similar to the Freemasons or Odd Fellows; they chose the Greek term kuklos or “circle” as their name. One of the members then suggested calling themselves ku klux and someone else suggested affixing the term klan at the end, to create ku klux klan. Like the members of other fraternal orders fanciful costumes were worn (originally red, black, etc., with hoods or masks). By early-mid 1868 this group had evolved into a clandestine vigilante group which used violence and intimidation to terrorize local freedmen and their white Republican allies. By mid-1868 the primary goals of the Klan were to oppose US Reconstruction and intimidate freedmen and radical Republicans into submission.
Tuscumbia had an organization of the Klan by April of 1868. Tuscumbia native Capt. Arthur H. Keller, a lawyer, newspaper editor, Confederate veteran, US Marshal and father of Helen Keller, was allegedly the first man in Alabama to "take the obligations of the Klan," which was supposedly organized in Alabama by WD Stratton, who served on Confederate Gen. Nathan B. Forrest's staff during the Civil War.
The original Klan "dens" as they were called, were often loose, informal groups with little organization and no contact with the original Pulaski den. According to author Allen W. Trelease in his history of the Reconstruction-era Klan *White Terror,* individual dens could range in size from "fewer than a dozen to nearly a hundred members." (p. 59) The "Grand Cyclops" or chief (if a den was organized enough to have one) was normally elected for a period of a few months or a year. Larger dens often had an advisory council to advise the chief and assist him. Membership was restricted to men 18 years of age or older who were recommended by a present member and, as with the more generic fraternal organizations, strict secrecy was enjoined on members.
The violence perpetrated by these early Klans was often unplanned and spur-of-the-moment. To help protect the secrecy and anonymity of their brother Klansmen, Klansmen from a nearby den would often carry out attacks for their brethren in their territories.
Tradition holds Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest as the first Grand Wizard of the Klan and eventually callIing for its disbandment in 1869 after its violence got out of hand however in her 2015 book "Ku Klux: the Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction" historian Elaine Frantz Parsons finds "no evidence that Forest associated himself with the Klan before 1868, after it had spread throughout the South. There is also no compelling contemporary evidence to establish that Forest ever exercised any leadership functions, besides offering himself up as a figurehead." (p. 50)
Local and national newspapers reported Klan activity in Florence and the larger Shoals area in November of 1868 and again in March of 1869. Different sources reported between 125 and 500 Klansnsmen who murdered "one very bad" black man named "Ellis" in Florence on November 21, 1868 however in this instance at least, the Klansmen may not have been from Florence-Lauderdale as the men, when asked to unmask themselves did so but weren't recognized by anyone.
Commenting on this incident in a March 1, 1869 letter to Alabama Governor Smith, Florence merchant, three-time mayor (1861-1862; 1869-1870; 1871-1873), future AL Secretary of State (1873-1874) and Unionist Neander H. Rice wrote:
"Our county is full of Ku Klux they are going about at night, much to the terror of many citizens--on last Saturday night week our town was visited by the Ku Klux to the number of 150 or more--they killed one negro [sic] in our town[,] whipped another and lectured several others[;] they awoke me up at my private residence at 11 o'clock to lecture me for what they asserted they heard I said about them--What the negro [sic] was killed for God only knows--Several persons have been killed in the County in a misterious [sic] way--in a word terrorism and anarchy reins [sic] in this County."
In 1868 Alabama's Reconstruction Government enacted an Anti-Ku-Klux statue. The Klan was officially disbanded in 1869 however this did not stop all Klan-attributed violence. On April 20, 1871 the US House of Representatives approved “An Act to enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other Purposes,” also known as the “Ku Klux Klan Act.” The third in a series of increasingly stringent Enforcement Acts, it was designed to eliminate extralegal violence and protect the civil and political rights of four million freed slaves.
(1) A Friday, March 20, 1868 Moulton (AL) Advertiser reprint of an article from the Tuscumbia (AL) Times reporting that "a notice of the Grand Cyclops of this Klan" had been posted on Main Street in Tuscumbia, "and we suppose the klan [sic] intend rattling their dry bones in our midst very soon."(2) A Thursday, April 2, 1868 Clarke County (AL) Democrat note from its "The News" column that Tuscumbia and several other Alabama localities had Ku Klux Klan organizations.(3) A Wednesday, June 10, 1868 Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh, NC) report from May 18 that the previous Friday night a freedman named Edward Shegogg of Franklin County, about twelve and-a-half miles from Courtland in Lawrence County) had been flogged by three masked, robed Klansmen, because Shegogg had expressed "Radical political sentiments."(4) The Ku Klux of Alabama. A September 22, 1868 New York Tribune article reporting that, "the Klan have just mustered in at Tuscumbia [in Colbert County], overpowered the officers of the law, and hung three negroes."(5) A Wednesday, September 23, 1868 Nashville Republican Banner report of the burning of the Tuscumbia Female Academy and the lynching of thee African-American men thought responsible by about 500 Klansmen who had ridden into town and forcibly removed the men from the custody of the guards after exchanging fire and breaking down the doors of the Masonic Hall where the men were being held awaiting trial. (6) A Saturday, September 26, 1868 Lincoln County (TN) News report from the Memphis (TN) Appeal's Tuscumbia, Alabama "special" reporting the lynching of the three Negro men at Tuscumbia.(7) A Monday, September 28, 1868 Madison, Wisconsin State Journal reprint of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian's September 22 account of the lynching of three Black men by Klansmen in retaliation for the burning of the Tuscumbia Female Academy.(8) A Monday, October 5, 1868 Public Ledger (Memphis, TN) reprint of a September 23, 1868, Tuscumbia North Alabamian & Times article reporting on the attempted arrest of George Crim, alias George Johnston, charged with arson in the earlier destruction of the Tuscumbia Female Academy, in Huntsville, in Madison County, Alabama. The two officers from Tuscumbia were prevented from taking Crim/Johnston into custody by Huntsville Freedmen's Bureau Agent Col. DC Rugg and a large body of freedmen.(9) A Saturday, November 7, 1868 Athens (AL) Post report of "a very violent, abusive, and uncalled for speech in Florence against the secret Brotherhood [the Klan]" given by Republican and Grant elector CC Sheats, editor of the Decatur (AL). Republican. Later that night, Sheats was allegedly visited by a group of irate Klansmen who verbally abused him but stopped short of actual violence.(10) A Saturday, November 14, 1868 Athens (AL) Post article clarifying its earlier report that Republican Grant CC Sheats of the Decatur (AL) Republican had made an "abusive speech" against the Klan while in Florence. Sheats informed the Post that his speech was neither abusive nor violent and further that Sheats did not retract nor was asked to retract by the Klan, any of his remarks.(11) A November 20, 1868 Memphis, TN Public Ledger report of the murder on "Saturday night" by "a body of men" of an African-American man named Ellis for an unknown offense.(12) A November 21, 1868 Athens Post summary of a November 17, Tuscumbia Times article reporting the murder of an African-American man in Florence the previous Saturday night by the Ku Klux Klan.(13) This is a reprint of item number 10 from the Athens Post. (14) A November 28, 1868 Nashville Union and American report by a Florence resident chronicling a visit to Florence "a week ago Saturday night" of some 500 Klansmen who during their five hours in town shot one African-American and hung "three or four others nearly dead," and whipping still others in order to terrorize them into disclosing the particulars of their local Union League, which met secretly and at night. They men took noting except "some few Enfield rifles" in the possession of a group of local blacks.
Interestingly, when asked to unmask themselves the Klansmen did so, but were not recognized by anyone in Florence, leading me to believe these men may not have been locals. (15) A March 3, 1869 Clearfield, PA Raftsmans' Journal report of Klan harassment of a "Mrs. Graham," superintendent of a Freedmen's school in Florence, by members of the Klan. Attempts to research this "Mrs. Graham" and her school have to date been unsuccessful. I'm not sure if this is a reference to the Freedmen's Public School which opened in Florence in November, 1866, or another school, such as that begun by EM Mears and wife shortly before the Freedmen's Public School was founded. These Klansmen also may not have been from Florence-Lauderdale. More research needs to be done.(16) A Thursday, January 4, 1906 article from the Tuscumbia North Alabamian of Thursday setting out a brief history of the Klan in Alabama, which noted that Tuscumbia lawyer, newspaper editor, US Marshal and father of Helen Keller the late Capt. Arthur H. Keller “was the first man in Alabama to take the obligations of the Klan and several other gentlemen of Tuscumbia were taken into the organization at the same time.” The article noted that Capt. WD Stratton of Birmingham, on Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest’s staff during the Civil War, was the "official organizer" of the Klan "and as such he initiated the first Ku Klux in this state."(17) Testimony of former Colbert freedman George Taylor, then a resident of Madison County, that one night in January of 1869, while a sharecropper of George Duncan, Taylor was violently whipped, beaten and told to leave Colbert County by twelve men dressed in black gowns and wearing white "sack-cloth" on their heads, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, p. 148.(18-19) Excerpts of the testimony of Tuscumbia resident and Alabama Governor Robert Burns Lindsay on the lynching of the three Negro men in Tuscumbia in September of 1868, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, pp. 179-180 (and title pg).
In his testimony Gov. Lindsay stated that the three lynched men were believed to have been the leaders of the conspiracy to burn the Tuscumbia Female Academy but that there were five other conspirators in the plot who were apprehended and tried; Lindsay himself volunteered as co-counsel to defend the five, one of whom was the husband of one of Lindsay's former slaves, the Lindsay's cook. Gov. Lindsay testified that the five were convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for between 5-7 years however counsel for the five appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court, which suspended their sentences, however in the interim the five escaped from prison and fled to the states of Tennessee and Kentucky, which according to Lindsay, public opinion held to be a good thing else the five might have met the same fate as the three alleged ringleaders.(20-21) Testimony of Rogersville, Lauderdale County, AL freedwoman Dinah Williams, widow of Union vet Jesse Williams, that one night in May of 1869, Mrs. Williams was violently beaten at her home on Thomas Neara's [sic] plantation by several men wearing white colored shrouds and yellow masks, one of whom Williams thought was the husband of a lady who had earlier accused Williams of stealing a bar of soap, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, pp. 1194-1195.(22-26) Title page, copyright page and pages 667-668 from the reprint of Walter L. Fleming's 1905 "The Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama."(27-28) Post card, "Regalia of Grand Cyclops K. K. K. Original Now In U. D. C. Chapter Room, at Florence, Alabama." A vintage ca. 1907 postcard published by the Florence, AL chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. At one time the UDC had a museum in their Florence hall which, among other things, contained a Klansman's robes. Was it the robes of the man in the postcard? |
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Original Klan Activity in the Shoals Area |
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Original Klan Activity in the Shoals Area |
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PSScommunity675 |
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https://shoalsblackhistory.omeka.net/items/show/675 |
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Original Klan Activity in the Shoals AreaCommunity; Crime; Ku Klux KlanThis is a collection of articles related to the original Ku Klux Klan that formed just after the Civil War.
The Ku Klux Klan was founded in late May or June of 1866 by six bored ex-Confederates in Pulaski, Tennessee: J. Calvin Jones; Frank McCord; John C. Lester; John B. Kennedy; James R. Crowe (who died in Sheffield, Colbert Co., AL in 1911); and Richard R. Reed. These men young men wanted to found their own fraternal order similar to the Freemasons or Odd Fellows; they chose the Greek term kuklos or “circle” as their name. One of the members then suggested calling themselves ku klux and someone else suggested affixing the term klan at the end, to create ku klux klan. Like the members of other fraternal orders fanciful costumes were worn (originally red, black, etc., with hoods or masks). By early-mid 1868 this group had evolved into a clandestine vigilante group which used violence and intimidation to terrorize local freedmen and their white Republican allies. By mid-1868 the primary goals of the Klan were to oppose US Reconstruction and intimidate freedmen and radical Republicans into submission.
Tuscumbia had an organization of the Klan by April of 1868. Tuscumbia native Capt. Arthur H. Keller, a lawyer, newspaper editor, Confederate veteran, US Marshal and father of Helen Keller, was allegedly the first man in Alabama to "take the obligations of the Klan," which was supposedly organized in Alabama by WD Stratton, who served on Confederate Gen. Nathan B. Forrest's staff during the Civil War.
The original Klan "dens" as they were called, were often loose, informal groups with little organization and no contact with the original Pulaski den. According to author Allen W. Trelease in his history of the Reconstruction-era Klan *White Terror,* individual dens could range in size from "fewer than a dozen to nearly a hundred members." (p. 59) The "Grand Cyclops" or chief (if a den was organized enough to have one) was normally elected for a period of a few months or a year. Larger dens often had an advisory council to advise the chief and assist him. Membership was restricted to men 18 years of age or older who were recommended by a present member and, as with the more generic fraternal organizations, strict secrecy was enjoined on members.
The violence perpetrated by these early Klans was often unplanned and spur-of-the-moment. To help protect the secrecy and anonymity of their brother Klansmen, Klansmen from a nearby den would often carry out attacks for their brethren in their territories.
Tradition holds Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest as the first Grand Wizard of the Klan and eventually callIing for its disbandment in 1869 after its violence got out of hand however in her 2015 book "Ku Klux: the Birth of the Klan during Reconstruction" historian Elaine Frantz Parsons finds "no evidence that Forest associated himself with the Klan before 1868, after it had spread throughout the South. There is also no compelling contemporary evidence to establish that Forest ever exercised any leadership functions, besides offering himself up as a figurehead." (p. 50)
Local and national newspapers reported Klan activity in Florence and the larger Shoals area in November of 1868 and again in March of 1869. Different sources reported between 125 and 500 Klansnsmen who murdered "one very bad" black man named "Ellis" in Florence on November 21, 1868 however in this instance at least, the Klansmen may not have been from Florence-Lauderdale as the men, when asked to unmask themselves did so but weren't recognized by anyone.
Commenting on this incident in a March 1, 1869 letter to Alabama Governor Smith, Florence merchant, three-time mayor (1861-1862; 1869-1870; 1871-1873), future AL Secretary of State (1873-1874) and Unionist Neander H. Rice wrote:
"Our county is full of Ku Klux they are going about at night, much to the terror of many citizens--on last Saturday night week our town was visited by the Ku Klux to the number of 150 or more--they killed one negro [sic] in our town[,] whipped another and lectured several others[;] they awoke me up at my private residence at 11 o'clock to lecture me for what they asserted they heard I said about them--What the negro [sic] was killed for God only knows--Several persons have been killed in the County in a misterious [sic] way--in a word terrorism and anarchy reins [sic] in this County."
In 1868 Alabama's Reconstruction Government enacted an Anti-Ku-Klux statue. The Klan was officially disbanded in 1869 however this did not stop all Klan-attributed violence. On April 20, 1871 the US House of Representatives approved “An Act to enforce the Provisions of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and for other Purposes,” also known as the “Ku Klux Klan Act.” The third in a series of increasingly stringent Enforcement Acts, it was designed to eliminate extralegal violence and protect the civil and political rights of four million freed slaves.
(1) A Friday, March 20, 1868 Moulton (AL) Advertiser reprint of an article from the Tuscumbia (AL) Times reporting that "a notice of the Grand Cyclops of this Klan" had been posted on Main Street in Tuscumbia, "and we suppose the klan [sic] intend rattling their dry bones in our midst very soon."(2) A Thursday, April 2, 1868 Clarke County (AL) Democrat note from its "The News" column that Tuscumbia and several other Alabama localities had Ku Klux Klan organizations.(3) A Wednesday, June 10, 1868 Weekly North Carolina Standard (Raleigh, NC) report from May 18 that the previous Friday night a freedman named Edward Shegogg of Franklin County, about twelve and-a-half miles from Courtland in Lawrence County) had been flogged by three masked, robed Klansmen, because Shegogg had expressed "Radical political sentiments."(4) The Ku Klux of Alabama. A September 22, 1868 New York Tribune article reporting that, "the Klan have just mustered in at Tuscumbia [in Colbert County], overpowered the officers of the law, and hung three negroes."(5) A Wednesday, September 23, 1868 Nashville Republican Banner report of the burning of the Tuscumbia Female Academy and the lynching of thee African-American men thought responsible by about 500 Klansmen who had ridden into town and forcibly removed the men from the custody of the guards after exchanging fire and breaking down the doors of the Masonic Hall where the men were being held awaiting trial. (6) A Saturday, September 26, 1868 Lincoln County (TN) News report from the Memphis (TN) Appeal's Tuscumbia, Alabama "special" reporting the lynching of the three Negro men at Tuscumbia.(7) A Monday, September 28, 1868 Madison, Wisconsin State Journal reprint of the Tuscumbia North Alabamian's September 22 account of the lynching of three Black men by Klansmen in retaliation for the burning of the Tuscumbia Female Academy.(8) A Monday, October 5, 1868 Public Ledger (Memphis, TN) reprint of a September 23, 1868, Tuscumbia North Alabamian & Times article reporting on the attempted arrest of George Crim, alias George Johnston, charged with arson in the earlier destruction of the Tuscumbia Female Academy, in Huntsville, in Madison County, Alabama. The two officers from Tuscumbia were prevented from taking Crim/Johnston into custody by Huntsville Freedmen's Bureau Agent Col. DC Rugg and a large body of freedmen.(9) A Saturday, November 7, 1868 Athens (AL) Post report of "a very violent, abusive, and uncalled for speech in Florence against the secret Brotherhood [the Klan]" given by Republican and Grant elector CC Sheats, editor of the Decatur (AL). Republican. Later that night, Sheats was allegedly visited by a group of irate Klansmen who verbally abused him but stopped short of actual violence.(10) A Saturday, November 14, 1868 Athens (AL) Post article clarifying its earlier report that Republican Grant CC Sheats of the Decatur (AL) Republican had made an "abusive speech" against the Klan while in Florence. Sheats informed the Post that his speech was neither abusive nor violent and further that Sheats did not retract nor was asked to retract by the Klan, any of his remarks.(11) A November 20, 1868 Memphis, TN Public Ledger report of the murder on "Saturday night" by "a body of men" of an African-American man named Ellis for an unknown offense.(12) A November 21, 1868 Athens Post summary of a November 17, Tuscumbia Times article reporting the murder of an African-American man in Florence the previous Saturday night by the Ku Klux Klan.(13) This is a reprint of item number 10 from the Athens Post. (14) A November 28, 1868 Nashville Union and American report by a Florence resident chronicling a visit to Florence "a week ago Saturday night" of some 500 Klansmen who during their five hours in town shot one African-American and hung "three or four others nearly dead," and whipping still others in order to terrorize them into disclosing the particulars of their local Union League, which met secretly and at night. They men took noting except "some few Enfield rifles" in the possession of a group of local blacks.
Interestingly, when asked to unmask themselves the Klansmen did so, but were not recognized by anyone in Florence, leading me to believe these men may not have been locals. (15) A March 3, 1869 Clearfield, PA Raftsmans' Journal report of Klan harassment of a "Mrs. Graham," superintendent of a Freedmen's school in Florence, by members of the Klan. Attempts to research this "Mrs. Graham" and her school have to date been unsuccessful. I'm not sure if this is a reference to the Freedmen's Public School which opened in Florence in November, 1866, or another school, such as that begun by EM Mears and wife shortly before the Freedmen's Public School was founded. These Klansmen also may not have been from Florence-Lauderdale. More research needs to be done.(16) A Thursday, January 4, 1906 article from the Tuscumbia North Alabamian of Thursday setting out a brief history of the Klan in Alabama, which noted that Tuscumbia lawyer, newspaper editor, US Marshal and father of Helen Keller the late Capt. Arthur H. Keller “was the first man in Alabama to take the obligations of the Klan and several other gentlemen of Tuscumbia were taken into the organization at the same time.” The article noted that Capt. WD Stratton of Birmingham, on Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest’s staff during the Civil War, was the "official organizer" of the Klan "and as such he initiated the first Ku Klux in this state."(17) Testimony of former Colbert freedman George Taylor, then a resident of Madison County, that one night in January of 1869, while a sharecropper of George Duncan, Taylor was violently whipped, beaten and told to leave Colbert County by twelve men dressed in black gowns and wearing white "sack-cloth" on their heads, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, p. 148.(18-19) Excerpts of the testimony of Tuscumbia resident and Alabama Governor Robert Burns Lindsay on the lynching of the three Negro men in Tuscumbia in September of 1868, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, pp. 179-180 (and title pg).
In his testimony Gov. Lindsay stated that the three lynched men were believed to have been the leaders of the conspiracy to burn the Tuscumbia Female Academy but that there were five other conspirators in the plot who were apprehended and tried; Lindsay himself volunteered as co-counsel to defend the five, one of whom was the husband of one of Lindsay's former slaves, the Lindsay's cook. Gov. Lindsay testified that the five were convicted and sentenced to the penitentiary for between 5-7 years however counsel for the five appealed to the Alabama Supreme Court, which suspended their sentences, however in the interim the five escaped from prison and fled to the states of Tennessee and Kentucky, which according to Lindsay, public opinion held to be a good thing else the five might have met the same fate as the three alleged ringleaders.(20-21) Testimony of Rogersville, Lauderdale County, AL freedwoman Dinah Williams, widow of Union vet Jesse Williams, that one night in May of 1869, Mrs. Williams was violently beaten at her home on Thomas Neara's [sic] plantation by several men wearing white colored shrouds and yellow masks, one of whom Williams thought was the husband of a lady who had earlier accused Williams of stealing a bar of soap, from "Testimony Taken by the Joint Select Committee to Enquire into the Condition of Affairs in the Late Insurrectionary States, Alabama, Volume I, pp. 1194-1195.(22-26) Title page, copyright page and pages 667-668 from the reprint of Walter L. Fleming's 1905 "The Civil War and Reconstruction in Alabama."(27-28) Post card, "Regalia of Grand Cyclops K. K. K. Original Now In U. D. C. Chapter Room, at Florence, Alabama." A vintage ca. 1907 postcard published by the Florence, AL chapter of the United Daughters of the Confederacy. At one time the UDC had a museum in their Florence hall which, among other things, contained a Klansman's robes. Was it the robes of the man in the postcard? (1-16) Newspapers.com(17-22) Online Books Page, Library of Penn State.(23-26) The Reprint Company Publishers, Spartanburg, South Carolina(27-28) Florence Chapter, UDCLee Freeman(1) 1868-03-20
(2) 1868-04-02(3) 1868-06-10(4) 1868-09-02(5) 1868--09-23(6) 1868-09-26(7) 1868-09-28(8) 1868-10-05(9) 1868-11-07(10) 1868-11-14(11) 1868-11-20(12) 1868-11-21(13) 1868-11-28(14) 1868-12-04(15) 1869-03-03(16) 1906-01-04(17-24) 1872(22-26) 1905; 1978(27-28) Ca. 1907Still Image 1; 3-28. Jpeg2. PNG
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